Closed-Loop Control of a DC Motor Using a Hall Sensor

The need to control the speed of DC motors is often used in industry and embedded systems where the operating conditions are not always stable. Figure 2 demonstrates that when operating in open-loop control, minor deviations in the speed may be noticed because of changes in load and supply voltage. Due to this fact, the closed-loop control approach is researched in the current work in order to enhance the speed regulation performance.

Hall-effect sensor is employed in the proposed system to provide the speed related pulse signals on the motor shaft. These pulses are summed up and calculated to determine the motor speed in actual sense. This estimate speed is then checked against a reference value and the error that returns is inputted into a PID controller. The controller leverages this mistake to regulate the PWM duty cycle that is used to drive the motor so as to hold the desired speed.

The test is developed on the model of the control system with MATLAB/Simulink and is tested in the diverse operating conditions. The outcomes of the simulation indicate the existence of speed stability and steady-state accuracy when operating in the simulation, which is beyond the case when operating in the open-loop. The system choice of PID parameters is heavily related to the selection of response, both when it comes to transient response and stability.

The findings show that the suggested Hall sensor-based closed-loop scheme is a viable and economical way to regulate the speed of DC motors and this can be achieved in a broad variety of engineering projects.