Conventional and Advanced Lignin Extraction Technologies from Lignocellulosic Biomass: A Review
Downloads
The chemical engineering field has shown growing interest in the valorization of lignocellulosic biomass, driven by its abundance, renewability, and potential as an alternative to petroleum-based feedstocks. Despite this, the selective and efficient extraction of structurally intact, high-purity lignin continues to pose significant technical challenges. This review synthesized secondary data from peer-reviewed journal articles, conference papers, and authoritative texts to examine conventional, environmentally benign, and emerging lignin extraction techniques. Emphasis was placed on subcritical and supercritical fluid technologies, with detailed analysis of how operational parameters—such as temperature, pressure, residence time, and solvent selection—influence lignin yield and structural integrity. Findings suggested that sub- and supercritical fluid extraction methods present a promising alternative to traditional approaches, offering tunable solvent properties that enable selective lignin isolation and the potential for enhanced purity. These advancements could play a pivotal role in enabling the commercial-scale production of lignin-derived biomaterials and accelerating the transition toward a more sustainable, bio-economy and bio-based chemical industry.
Hassan, N.S.; Badri, K.H. 2014. Lignin recovery from alkaline hydrolysis and glycerolysis of oil palm fiber. AIP Conf. Proc., 1614, 433–438.
Abolore, R.S., Jaiswal, S., Jaiswal, A.K. 2024. Green and sustainable pretreatment methods for cellulose extraction from lignocellulosic biomass and its applications: A review. Carbohydr. Polym. Technol. Appl. 7, 100396
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carpta.2023.100396.
Wertz J. L. and Bedue, O. 2013. Lignocellulosic Biorefineries EPFL Press
Li O., Serem W. K., Dai W., Yue Y., Naik M. T., Xie S., Karki P., Liu L., Sue H. J., Liang H. & Sun F. 2018. Molecular weight and uniformity define the mechanical performance of Lignin-based Carbon Fibre. Journal of materials chemistry A. 6(42), 19954-19960.
Lignin Market Size, Share And Growth Analysis Report, 2030 [WWW Document], n.d.URL https://www.grandviewresearch.com/industry-analysis/lignin-market (accessed 5.20.24).
Covinich, L. G., and Area, M. C. 2024. Trends and limitations of lignin as a starting material. BioResources 19(1), 6-9.
Mohammad M. A, Carola E. C, Antonio G. Zahra R. 2024. Efficient and environmentally friendly techniques for extracting lignin from lignocellulose biomass and subsequent uses: A review. Cleaner Materials 13, 100253
Tardy, B.L., Lizundia, E., Guizani, C., Hakkarainen, M., Sipponen, M.H., 2023. Prospects for the integration of lignin materials into the circular economy. Mater. Today 65, 122–132.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mattod.2023.04.001.
Ahmad, U.M., Ji, N., Li, H., Wu, Q., Song, C., Liu, Q., Ma, D., Lu, X., 2021. Can lignin be transformed into agrochemicals? Recent advances in the agricultural applications of lignin. Ind. Crop. Prod. 170, 113646
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2021.113646.
Balk, M., Sofia, P., Neffe, A.T., Tirelli, N., 2023. Lignin, the lignification process, and advanced, lignin-based materials. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 24, 11668. https://doi.org/ 10.3390/ijms241411668.
Baruah, J.; Nath, B.K.; Sharma, R.; Kumar, S.; Deka, R.C.; Baruah, D.C.; Kalita, E. 2018. Recent Trends in the Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass for Value-Added Products. Front. Energy Res. 2018, 6, 141.
Lobato-Peralta, D.R.; Duque-Brito, E.; Villafán-Vidales, H.I.; Longoria, A.; Sebastian, P.J.; Cuentas-Gallegos, A.K.; Arancibia-Bulnes, C.A.; Okoye, P.U. 2021. A review on trends in lignin extraction and valorization of lignocellulosic biomass for energy applications. J. Clean. Prod. 2021, 293, 126123.
Saadan, R.; Hachimi Alaoui, C.; Ihammi, A.; Chigr, M.; Fatimi, A. 2024. A Brief Overview of Lignin Extraction and Isolation Processes: From Lignocellulosic Biomass to Added-Value Biomaterials. Environ. Earth Sci. Proc. 2024, 31, 3.https://doi.org/10.3390/eesp2024031003.
Zadeh, E.M., O’Keefe, S.F., Kim, Y.-T., 2018. Utilization of lignin in biopolymeric packaging films. ACS Omega 3, 7388–7398.
https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.7b01341.
Díez, D., Uruena, A., Pinero, R., Barrio, A., Tamminen, T., 2020. Determination of hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin content in different types of biomasses by thermogravimetric analysis and pseudocomponent kinetic model (TGA-PKMMethod). Processes 8, 1048.
https://doi.org/10.3390/pr8091048.
Blasi, A., Verardi, A., Lopresto, C.G., Siciliano, S., Sangiorgio, P., 2023. Lignocellulosic agricultural waste valorization to obtain valuable products: An overview. Recycling 8, 61.
https://doi.org/10.3390/recycling8040061.
Gan, M.J., Niu, Y.Q., Qu, X.J., Zhou, C.H., 2022. Lignin to value-added chemicals and advanced materials: extraction, degradation, and functionalization. Green Chem. 24, 7705–7750. https://doi.org/10.1039/D2GC00092J.
Abdullah, T. Ilyasoglu, G. Memic, A. Designing Lignin-Based Biomaterials as Carriers of Bioactive Molecules. Pharmaceutics 2023, 15, 1114.
Sun, B.; Liu, Y.; Li, J.; Liu, C.; Liu, Z.; Zhao, X.; Liu, B.; Hu, W.; Liu, X. Lignin-Based Carbon Fiber/Epoxy Resin Biocomposites with Excellent Fire Resistance and Mechanical Properties. Macromol. Rapid Commun. 2024, 45, 2400414.
Ranaldi R., Jashebski R., Clough M. T. Ralph J. Kemena M. Bruima P.C., Weckhuysen B. 2016. Paving the way for lignin valorisation: Recent advances in Bioengineering, biorefining and catalysis. Angewandte Chem Int. Edition 55(29)8164-8215.
Khalid, K.A., Ahmad, A.A., Yong, T.-L.-K., 2017. Lignin Extraction from Lignocellulosic Biomass Using Sub- and Supercritical Fluid Technology as Precursor for Carbon Fiber Production. 日本 エネルギー学会誌 96, 255–260.
https://doi.org/10.3775/jie.96.255.
Jiang, Y., Feng, Y., Lei, B., Zhong, H., 2020. Impact mechanisms of supercritical CO2–ethanol–water on extraction behavior and chemical structure of eucalyptus lignin. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 161, 1506–1515. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.07.318.
Chen, Y., Yan, Z., Liang, L., Ran, M., Wu, T., Wang, B., Zou, X., Zhao, M., Fang, G., Shen, K., 2020b. Comparative evaluation of organic acid pretreatment of eucalyptus for kraft dissolving pulp production. Materials 13,361. https://doi.org/10.3390/
Jardim, J.M., Hart, P.W., Lucia, L., Jameel, H., 2020. Insights into the potential of hardwood kraft lignin to be a green platform material for emergence of the biorefinery. Polymers 12, 1795.
https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12081795.
Jardim, J.M., Hart, P.W., Lucia, L.A., Jameel, H., Chang, H., 2022. The effect of the kraft pulping process, wood species, and pH on lignin recovery from black liquor. Fibers 10, 16. https://doi.org/10.3390/fib10020016.
Lahtinen, M.H., Mikkila, J., Mikkonen, K.S., Kilpelainen, I., 2021. Kraft process—formation of secoisolariciresinol structures and incorporation of fatty acids in Kraft lignin. J. Agric. Food Chem. 69, 5955–5965. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.1c00705
Chen, H., 2015. 3 - Lignocellulose biorefinery feedstock engineering. In: Chen, H. (Ed.), Lignocellulose Biorefinery Engineering. Woodhead Publishing, pp. 37–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-100135-6.00003-X.
Yiamsawas, D., Watcharin, K., Pongprayoon, T., 2023. Enhanced performance of lignin recovery with a carbon dioxide acidification method. ACS Omega 8, 7438–7447. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.2c06153.
Vasile, C., Baican, M., 2023. Lignins as promising renewable biopolymers and bioactive compounds for high-performance materials. Polymers 15, 3177.
Sutradhar, S., Fatehi, P., 2023. Latest development in the fabrication and use of lignin-derived humic acid. Biotechnol. Biofuels Bioprod. 16, 38. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13068-023-02278-3.
Vinod, A., Pulikkalparambil, H., Jagadeesh, P., Rangappa, S.M., Siengchin, S., 2023. Recent advancements in lignocellulose biomass-based carbon fiber: Synthesis, properties, and applications. Heliyon 9, e13614.
Ajala, E.O., Ighalo, J.O., Ajala, M.A., Adeniyi, A.G., Ayanshola, A.M., 2021. Sugarcane bagasse: a biomass sufficiently applied for improving global energy, environment and economic sustainability. Bioresources and Bioprocessing 8, 87. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40643-021-00440-z
Wang, S., Innocent, M.T., Wang, Q., Xiang, H., Tang, J., Zhu, M., 2020b. Kraft lignin-based piezoresistive sensors: Effect of chemical structure on the microstructure of ultrathin carbon fibers. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 151, 730–739.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.02.225.
Shah, T.A., Khalid, S., Nafidi, H.-A., Salamatullah, A.M., Bourhia, M., 2023. Sodium hydroxide hydrothermal extraction of lignin from rice straw residue and fermentation to biomethane. Sustainability 15, 8755.
https://doi.org/10.3390/su15118755.
Fernandez-Rodríguez, J., Erdocia, X., Ramos, F., Alriols, M., Labidi, J., 2019. Lignin Separation and Fractionation by Ultrafiltration. pp. 229–265. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12 81505/6.00007-3.
Brienza, F., Cannella, D., Montesdeoca, D., Cybulska, I., Debecker, P., D. 2024. A guide to lignin valorization in biorefineries: traditional, recent, and forthcoming approaches to convert raw lignocellulose into valuable materials and chemicals. RSC Sustainability. https://doi.org/10.1039/D3SU00140G.
John M. J., Lefatle M.C., Sithole B. 2022. Lignin fractionation and conversion to biobased functional products. Sustain. Chem. Pharm, 2022, 25, 100594.
Liao J. J. Lahtif N. H. A. Trache D., Brosse N., Hassein M. H. Current advancement on the isolation, characterization and application of lignin. Int. j. Biol. Macromol.2020. 162, 985-1024.
Ovejero-Perez, A., Rigual, V., Domínguez, J.C., Alonso, M.V., Oliet, M., Rodriguez, F., 2020. Acidic depolymerization vs ionic liquid solubilization in lignin extraction from eucalyptus wood using the protic ionic liquid 1-methylimidazolium chloride. Int. J.Biol. Macromol. 157, 461–469.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.04.194
Zhang, Y., Ni, S., Wu, R., Fu, Y., Qin, M., Willfor, S., Xu, C., 2022. Green fractionation approaches for isolation of biopolymers and the critical technical challenges. Ind. Crop. Prod. 177, 114451 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2021.114451.
Bhattacharyya, S., Matsakas, L., Rova, U., Christakopoulos, P., 2020. Melt Stable functionalized organosolv and kraft lignin thermoplastic. Processes 8, 1108. https:// doi.org/10.3390/pr8091108.
Beluhan, S., Mihajlovski, K., Santek, B., Ivancic Santek, M., 2023. The production of bioethanol from lignocellulosic biomass: pretreatment methods, fermentation, and downstream processing. Energies 16, 7003. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16197003.
Vaidya, A.A., Murton, K.D., Smith, D.A., Dedual, G., 2022. A review on organosolv pretreatment of softwood with a focus on enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose. Biomass Conv. Bioref. 12, 5427–5442. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-022-02373-9.
Linan, L.Z.; Gonçalves, M.P.X.; Cidreira, A.C.M.; Hatami, T.; Junior, A.A.C.; Mei, L.H.I. Acid-based organosolv lignin extraction from acai berry bagasse. Bioresour. Technol. Rep. 2023, 22, 101493.
Bo, L., Zhang, X., Luo, Z., Saboori, T., Dehghan, M., Ghasemizadeh, M., Karimi- Maleh, H., Alagumalai, A., Mahian, O., 2022. An overview of the applications of ionic fluids and deep eutectic solvents enhanced by nanoparticles. J. Therm. Anal. Calorim. 147, 7589–7601. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-021-11097-3
Hasanov, I., Raud, M., Kikas, T., 2020. The role of ionic liquids in the lignin separation from lignocellulosic biomass. Energies 13, 4864.
https://doi.org/10.3390/en13184864.
Hasanov, I., Shanmugam, S., Kikas, T., 2022. Extraction and isolation of lignin from ash tree (Fraxinus exselsior) with protic ionic liquids (PILs). Chemosphere 290, 133297.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.133297.
Haykir, N.I., Nizan Shikh Zahari, S.M.S., Harirchi, S., Sar, T., Awasthi, M.K., Taherzadeh, M.J., 2023. Applications of ionic liquids for the biochemical transformation of lignocellulosic biomass into biofuels and biochemicals: A critical review. Biochem. Eng. J. 193, 108850
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bej.2023.108850
Margarida Martins, M., Carvalheiro, F., Gírio, F., 2022. An overview of lignin pathways of valorization: from isolation to refining and conversion into value-added products. Bioref. Biomass Conv. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-022-02701-z.
Abranches, D.O., Martins, M.A.R., Silva, L.P., Schaeffer, N., Pinho, S.P., Coutinho, J.A.P., 2019. Phenolic hydrogen bond donors in the formation of non-ionic deep eutectic solvents: the quest for type V DES. Chem. Commun. 55, 10253–10256.
https://doi. org/10.1039/C9CC04846D.
Acosta, J., Torres-Chavez, P.I., Carvajal-Millan, E., Ramirez-Wong, B., Bello-Perez, L., Montano Leyva, B., 2014. Ionic liquids and organic solvents for recovering lignin from lignocellulosic biomass. BioResources 9, 3660–3687.
https://doi.org/10. 15376/biores.9.2.3660-3687.
Bai, Y., Zhang, X.-F., Wang, Z., Zheng, T., Yao, J., 2022. Deep eutectic solvent with bifunctional Brønsted-Lewis acids for highly efficient lignocellulose fractionation. Bioresour. Technol. 347, 126723 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2022.126723.
Chen, Z., Jacoby, W.A., Wan, C., 2019b. Ternary deep eutectic solvents for effective biomass deconstruction at high solids and low enzyme loadings. Bioresour. Technol. 279, 281–286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2019.01.126.
Chen, Y., Zhang, L., Yu, J., Lu, Y., Jiang, B., Fan, Y., Wang, Z., 2019a. High-purity lignin isolated from poplar wood meal through dissolving treatment with deep eutectic solvents. R. Soc. Open Sci. 6, 181757 https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.181757.
Cronin, D.J., Chen, X., Moghaddam, L., Zhang, X., 2020. Deep eutectic solvent extraction of high-purity lignin from a corn stover hydrolysate. ChemSusChem 13, 4678–4690.
https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.202001243
Fernandes, C., Melro, E., Magalhaes, S., Alves, L., Craveiro, R., Filipe, A., Valente, A.J.M., Martins, G., Antunes, F.E., Romano, A., Medronho, B., 2021. New deep eutectic solvent assisted extraction of highly pure lignin from maritime pine sawdust (Pinus pinaster Ait.). Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 177, 294–305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.02.088.
Cui, P., Ye, Z., Chai, M., Yuan, J., Xiong, Y., Yang, H., Yao, L., 2023. Effective fractionation of lignocellulose components and lignin valorization by combination of deep eutectic solvent with ethanol. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol. 10.
Abranches, D.O., Coutinho, J.A.P., 2022. Type V deep eutectic solvents: Design and applications. Curr. Opin. Green Sustainable Chem. 35, 100612 https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.cogsc.2022.100612.
Hu, M., Yu, Y., Li, X., Wang, X., Liu, Y., 2023a. The dawn of aqueous deep eutectic solvents for lignin extraction. Green Chem. 25, 10235–10262. https://doi.org/ 10.1039/D3GC03563H.
Jagirani, M., Soylak, M., 2022. Deep eutectic solvents-based adsorbents in environmental analysis. TrAC Trends Anal. Chem. 157, 116762 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2022.116762.
Kumar, S., Sharma, S., Arumugam, S.M., Miglani, C., Elumalai, S., 2020. Biphasic separation approach in the DES biomass fractionation facilitates lignin recovery for subsequent valorization to phenolics. ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 8, 19140–19154.
https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.0c07747
Lim, W.-L., Gunny, A.A.N., Kasim, F.H., AlNashef, I.M., Arbain, D., 2019. Alkaline deep eutectic solvent: a novel green solvent for lignocellulose pulping. Cellul. 26, 4085–4098. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-019-02346-8.
Owhe, E.O., Kumar, N., Lynam, J.G., 2021. Lignin extraction from waste biomass with deep eutectic solvents: Molecular weight and heating value. Biocatal. Agric. Biotechnol. 32, 101949
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcab.2021.101949.
Park, C.-W., Han, S.-Y., Park, J.-S., Lee, E.-A., Bandi, R., Dadigala, R., Kim, J.K., Kwon, G., Kim, N., Lee, S.-H., 2022. Deep eutectic-like solvent-assisted isolation of lignin from pinus densiflora and its characteristics. BioResources 17, 5600–5611. https://doi.org/10.15376/biores.17.4.5600-5611
Scelsi, E., Angelini, A., Pastore, C., 2021. Deep eutectic solvents for the valorisation of lignocellulosic biomasses towards fine chemicals. Biomass 1, 29–59. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomass1010003
Suthar, P., Kaushal, M., Vaidya, D., Thakur, M., Chauhan, P., Angmo, D., Kashyap, S., Negi, N., 2023. Deep eutectic solvents (DES): An update on the applications in food sectors. J. Agric. Food Res. 14, 100678 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafr.2023.100678.
Ma, H., Fu, P., Zhao, J., Lin, X., Wu, W., Yu, Z., Xia, C., Wang, Q., Gao, M., Zhou, J., 2022. Pretreatment of wheat straw lignocelluloses by deep eutectic solvent for lignin extraction. Molecules 27, 7955. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27227955.
Kwon, G.-J., Bandi, R., Yang, B.-S., Park, C.-W., Han, S.-Y., Park, J.-S., Lee, E.-A., Kim, N.- H., Lee, S.-H., 2021. Choline chloride based deep eutectic solvents for the lignocellulose nanofibril production from Mongolian oak (Quercus mongolica). Cellul.28, 9169–9185.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-021-04102-3.
Kwon, G.-J., Cho, S.-W., Bandi, R., Yang, B.-S., Dadigala, R., Han, S.-Y., Ma, S.-Y., Kim, J.-K., Kim, N.-H., Lee, S.-H., 2023. Production of lignocellulose nanofibrils by conventional and microwave-assisted deep-eutectic-solvent pretreatments: mechanical, antioxidant, and UV-blocking properties. Cellul. 30, 4277–4292. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-023-05164-1.
Grillo, G., Calcio Gaudino, E., Rosa, R., Leonelli, C., Timonina, A., Grygiskis, S., Tabasso, S., Cravotto, G., 2021. Green deep eutectic solvents for microwave-assisted biomass delignification and valorisation. Molecules 26, 798.
https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26040798.
Mankar, A.R., Pandey, A., Pant, K.K., 2022b. Microwave-assisted extraction of lignin from coconut coir using deep eutectic solvents and its valorization to aromatics. Bioresour. Technol. 345, 126528 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126528.
Mao, Y., Gerrow, A., Ray, E., Perez, N.D., Edler, K., Wolf, B., Binner, E., 2023a. Lignin recovery from cocoa bean shell using microwave-assisted extraction and deep eutectic solvents. Bioresour. Technol. 372, 128680
https://doi.org/10.1016/j. biortech.2023.128680.
Reddy, A.V.B., Moniruzzaman, M., Madhavi, V., Jaafar, J., 2020. Chapter 8 – Recent improvements in the extraction, cleanup and quantification of bioactive flavonoids, in: Atta-ur-Rahman (Ed.), Studies in Natural Products Chemistry, Bioactive Natural Products. Elsevier, pp. 197–223.
https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-817907-9.00008-8.
L´opez-Salazar, H., Camacho-Díaz, B., Ocampo, M., Jimenez-Aparicio, A., 2023. Microwave-assisted extraction of functional compounds from plants: A review. BioResources 18.
https://doi.org/10.15376/biores.18.3.Lopez-Salazar.
Isci, A., Erdem, G.M., Bagder Elmaci, S., Sakiyan, O., Lamp, A., Kaltschmitt, M., 2020. Effect of microwave-assisted deep eutectic solvent pretreatment on lignocellulosic structure and bioconversion of wheat straw. Cellul. 27, 8949–8962. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-020-03371-8.
Kohli, K., Katuwal, S., Biswas, A., Sharma, B.K., 2020. Effective delignification of lignocellulosic biomass by microwave assisted deep eutectic solvents. Bioresour. Technol. 303, 122897 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2020.122897.
Brodens G. Yau E. Badal K. Collier J. Ramachandran K. B., Ramakrishnan S. Chemical & Physiochemical Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass. A review. Enzym. Res. 2011, 787532.
Rajesh Bam J., Karitha S. Yukesh Kamah R, Poornma Devi T., Gunesekaron M., Kim S. H. Kumar G. A review on biopolymer production via lignin valorization. Bioresourc. Techno. 290-121790
Meoli, C.M., Iervolino, G., Procentese, A., 2023. Non-thermal plasma as a biomass pretreatment in biorefining processes. Processes 11, 536.
https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11020536.
Merche, D., Vandencasteele, N., Reniers, F., 2012. Atmospheric plasmas for thin film deposition: A critical review. Thin Solid Films 520, 4219–4236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2012.01.026.
Pereira, G.N., Cesca, K., Cubas, A.L.V., Bianchet, R.T., Junior, S.E.B., Zanella, E., Stambuk, B.U., Poletto, P., de Oliveira, D., 2021. Non-thermal plasma as an innovative pretreatment technology in delignification of brewery by-product. Innov. Food Sci. Emerg. Technol. 74, 102827
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ifset.2021.102827.
Pereira, G.N., Cesca, K., Pereira, M.A.F., Monteiro Rudke, C.R., Borges, O.M.A., Cubas, A. L.V., Zanella, E., Stambuk, B.U., Poletto, P., de Oliveira, D., 2023. Non-thermal plasma as an efficient pretreatment to lignocellulosic raw materials. J. Food Process Eng 46, e14233.
https://doi.org/10.1111/jfpe.14233
Shao, S., Ye, Z., Sun, J., Liu, C., Yan, J., Liu, T., Li, X., Zhang, H., Xiao, R., 2022. A review on the application of non-thermal plasma (NTP) in the conversion of biomass: Catalyst preparation, thermal utilization and catalyst regeneration. Fuel 330, 125420. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2022.125420.
Gosselink, R., Teunissen, W., Dam, J., de Jong, E., Gellerstedt, G., Scott, E., Sanders, J., 2011. Lignin depolymerisation in supercritical carbon dioxide/acetone/water fluid for the production of aromatic chemicals. Bioresour. Technol. 106, 173–177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2011.11.121.
Roy, R., Rahman, M.S., Amit, T.A., Jadhav, B., 2022. Recent advances in lignin depolymerization techniques: A comparative overview of traditional and greener approaches. Biomass 2, 130–154.
https://doi.org/10.3390/biomass2030009.
da Silva, R.P.F.F., Rocha-Santos, T.A.P., Duarte, A.C., 2016. Supercritical fluid extraction of bioactive compounds. TrAC Trends Anal. Chem. 76, 40–51.
https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.trac.2015.11.013.
Escobar, E.L.N., da Silva, T.A., Pirich, C.L., Corazza, M.L., Pereira Ramos, L., 2020. Supercritical fluids: A promising technique for biomass pretreatment and fractionation. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol. 8.
Nardella, F., Prothmann, J., Sandahl, M., Spegel, P., Ribechini, E., Turner, C., 2023. Native lignin extraction from soft- and hardwood by green and benign sub/supercritical fluid extraction methodologies. RSC Adv. 13, 21945–21953. https://doi.org/10.1039/D3RA01873C.
Abbas, K. A., Mohamed, A., Abdulamir, A. S., & Abas, H. A. (2008). A review on supercritical fluid extraction as new analytical method. American Journal of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 4(4), 345-353. https://doi.org/10.3844/ajbbsp.2008.345.353
Neata, G., Campeanu, G., Popescu, M.I., Popa, O., Babeanu, N., Basaraba, A., Popescu, D. 2015. Lignin extraction from corn biomass using supercritical extraction. Romanian Biotechnol. Lett. 20, 10406–10412.
Wahyudiono, Sasaki, M., & Goto, M. (2013). Decomposition of lignin alkaline and chemicals recovery in sub- and supercritical water. Procedia Earth and Planetary Science, 2(1), 1-6.
Machmudah, S., Diono, W., Kanda, H., Sasaki, M., Goto, M., 2015. Hot compressed water extraction of lignin by using a flow-through reactor. Eng. J. 19, 25–44. https://doi.org/10.4186/ej.2015.19.4.25
Toor, S. S., Rosendahl, L., & Rudolf, A. (2011). Hydrothermal liquefaction of biomass: A review of subcritical water technologies. Energy, 36(5), 2328-2342. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2011.03.013
Yong, T.-L.-K., Matsumura, Y., 2012. Reaction kinetics of the lignin conversion in supercritical water. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 51, 11975–11988.
Yang, S.M., Shaffer, M.S.P., Brandt-Talbot, A., 2023. High lignin content carbon fiber precursors wet-spun from low-cost ionic liquid water mixtures. ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 11, 8800–8811.
https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.3c00234.
Badgujar, K.C., Dange, R., Bhanage, B.M., 2021. Recent advances of use of the supercritical carbon dioxide for the biomass pre-treatment and extraction: A mini- review. J. Indian Chem. Soc. 98, 100018 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jics.2021.100018.
Ho Seo, J., Jeong, H., Lee, H.W., Choi, C.S., Bae, J.H., Lee, S.M., Kim, Y.S., 2019. Characterization of solvent-fractionated lignins from woody biomass treated via supercritical water oxidation. Bioresour. Technol. 275, 368–374.
https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.12.076.
Yang, T., Li, Z., Wei, W., Wang, X., Liu, F., Xu, X., Liu, Z., 2022. Antioxidant properties of lignin extracted from cotton stalks by ethanol solution-assisted liquid hot water before and after adding supercritical CO2. J. CO2 Util. 58, 101892 https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.jcou.2022.101892.
Grbic, J., Đukic-Vukovic, A., Mladenovic, D., Lazovic, S., Mojovic, L., 2022. Effect of non-thermal plasma on cellulose crystallinity and lignin content in corn stalks. 1 26.
https://doi.org/10.5937/jpea26-36871.
Daza Serna, L.V., Orrego Alzate, C.E., Cardona Alzate, C.A., 2016. Supercritical fluids as a green technology for the pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass. Bioresource Technology, Pretreatment of Biomass 199, 113–120.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2015.09.078.
Mishra, G., & Saka, S. (2011). Kinetic behavior of liquefaction of Japanese beech in subcritical phenol. Bioresource Technology, 102(23), 10946-10950. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2011.09.008
Bludworth, J., & Knopf, F. C. (1993). Reactive extraction of lignin from wood using supercritical ammonia-water mixtures. The Journal of Supercritical Fluids, 6(4), 249-254. https://doi.org/10.1016/0896-8446(93)90033-5
Wan, Z., Zhang, H., Niu, M., Guo, Y., Li, H., 2023. Recent advances in lignin-based 3D printing materials: A mini-review. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 253, 126660 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126660.
Sathawong S. Sridach W. Techato K. 2018. Lignin: Isolation and preparing the lignin based hydrogel. J. environ. Chem. Eng 6, 5819 – 5888.
Jiang B., Yao Y., Liang Z, Gao J., Chen G. Xia Q., Mi R., Jiao M., Wang X., Hu L. Lignin based direct link printed structural scaffold. Small 2020, 16, 1909212.
Akhramez S., Fatimi A., Okoro O., V. Hajiabbas M., Brusiatta A., Moubank A. Hafid A., Khoisili M., Simifiska-Stanny J., Brigade C. 2022. The circular economy paradigm. Modification of bagasse-derived lignin as a precursor to sustainable hydrogel production. Sustainability,14, 8791.
